الدرس الثامن

Tenses الأزمنة

بالنسبة للأزمنة سنكتبهم كلهم مع بعض ثم نشرحهم كلهم مع بعض ، وذلك للسهولة ولمقارنة كله ببعض وبالتالي اتقانهم أكثر . وللسهولة أكثر سنأخذ من ال pronouns معهم كلهم في هذا الجدول التالي "I" فقط ، ثم نستخدم بقية ال pronouns مع بعض التطبيقات .
وبرجاء الاهتمام بفهم وحفظ هذا الباب (الفصل) تماما ، لانه هام جدا في المحادثات (conversations) ولانه مبني عليه كل الأبواب التي تليه في هذا الكتاب.
ولاننسى (بل دايما نذكر) أننا دائما سنختصر بعض الكلمات كالآتي :
Present = pr. / past = pa. / future = fu. / past participle = p.p. / simple = s. / continuous = cont. / perfect = perf. / verb = v. (H.K.)
ملحوظة : ستجد جداول فيها ال past participle (p.p.) ابتداء من صفحة 52

Tenses [Meena]
Simple (H.K.) بسيط Pr. I eat ( everyday , sometimes , always , usually , often)
Pa. I ate (yesterday , last night , in the past , ago)
Fu. I shall eat (tomorrow , next week , later) (H.K.)
Continuous مستمر V. be + --ing Pr. I am eating (now , nowadays, today)
Pa. I was eating (while , as , when)
Fu. I shall be eating (tomorrow , at that time)
Perfect تام V. have + p.p. Pr. I have eaten (already , just , almost , nearly , since , yet , not yet , ever , never , now , today)
Pa. I had eaten (before , after , when , until)
Fu. I shall have eaten (by) (H.K.)
Perfect continuous V.have + been + --ing Pr. I have been eating (for , since)
Pa. I had been eating (for , since , before)
Fu. I shall have been eating (for , on , after)

من الضروري جدا حفظ هذا الجدول لانه سيفيد كثيرا جدا .
ونلاحظ اننا عندنا 12 زمن (12 tenses) ، s. , cont. , perf. , perf. cont. وكل واحد من هؤلاء الأربعة فيه pr. , pa. , fu. . وبجوار كل واحد بعض كلمات بين قوسين تسمى الkey words وهي الكلمات التي تساعد في تكوين هذا الزمن .
-- ال s. هو بسيط ، ليس فيه اي تعقيدات ولا أي شروط لتركيبه ولذلك سمى بسيط .
-- ال cont. وهو المستمر ، أي أنه فعل مستمر ألآن في الpr. ، أو كان مستمر في الpa. أثناء حدوث فعل آخر أو أثناء وقت معين ، أو سيكون مستمر في الfu. أثناء حدوث فعل آخر أو أثناء وقت معين ، ويكون تركيبه ب verb be ثم ing في نهاية ال verb (مثل am eating).
-- ال perf. وهو التام ، وهو فعل ، بيتم (بينتهي) أو علي وشك الانتهاء الآن ، أو تم (انتهى) أو كان علي وشك الانتهاء في الماضي بالمقارنة بفعل آخر أو وقت معين ، أو سيتم (سينتهي) أو سيكون علي وشك الانتهاء في المستقبل بالمقارنة بفعل آخر أو وقت معين. ويكون تركيبه بverb have ثم الp.p. (مثل have eaten ) .
-- ال perf. Cont. وهو التام المستمر ، وفيه نعرف طول مدة استمرار الفعل وبداية أو نهاية هذه المدة . في الpr. ما هي مدة استمراره إلي الان أو متى بدأ ، وفي الpa. و ال fu. مدة استمراره من أو إلي حدوث فعل آخر أو وقت معين . ويكون تركيبه بverb have + been ثم ing في نهاية الفعل (مثل have been eating ) .
H.W. Complete the table using "drink" and one key word in each sentence
Tenses
Simple بسيط Pr. They always drink water (H.K.)
Pa. It
Fu. We
Continuous مستمر V. be + --ing Pr. She
Pa. He
Fu. You
Perfect تام V. have + p.p. Pr. You
Pa. They
Fu. It
Perfect continuous V.have + been + --ing [Meena] Pr. We
Pa. He
Fu. You

--- والآن سنأخذ أمثلة عن كل زمن (tense) في جداول أخرى مع بقية ال pronouns أو علي هيئة أسئلة وأجوبة لتوضيح كل التفاصيل بقدر الامكان: بالنسبة لل simple تم شرحه .

--- وبالنسبة لل continuous :
Continuous
Present Past Future
I am eating I was eating I shall be eating
You are eating You were eating You will be eating
He is eating He was eating (H.K.) He will be eating
She is eating She was eating She will be eating
It is eating It was eating It will be eating
We are eating We were eating We shall be eating
You are eating You were eating You will be eating
They are eating They were eating They will be eating
ونقول مثلا :
I'm praying now.أنا أصلي الآن
They were playing yesterday when I met them. هم كانوا يصلون بالأمس حينما قابلتهم
She will be walking tomorrow when you come. هي ستكون بتتمشى حينما تأتي غدا
ولعمل أسئلة وأجوبة :
Are you praying now? / Yes, I'm praying now / No, I'm not --
Were they playing yesterday when you met them? / Yes, they were playing yesterday when I met them / No, they were not playing --.
Will she be walking tomorrow when I come? / Yes, she will be walking tomorrow when you come / No, she'll not be walking --.
ولفهم المستمر أكثر ، نكرر ماقلناه في الصفحة السابقة (47) وهو أن ال cont. هو المستمر ، أي أنه فعل مستمر الآن ( في الpr. ) ، أو كان مستمر في الpa. أثناء حدوث فعل آخر أو أثناء وقت معين ، أو سيكون مستمر في الfu. ، أثناء حدوث فعل آخر أو أثناء وقت معين، ويكون تركيبه ب verb be ثم ing في نهاية ال verb (مثل am eating ) .
H.W. complete the following table like the previous one using verb "play"
أكمل الجدول القادم مثل السابق مستخدما الفعل "يلعب"
Continuous
Present Past Future
I am playing (H.K.)
You
He was
She
It will be playing [Meena]
We
You
They

--- N.B. : The present continuous is also used for the near future (like going to), specially with verbs of movement like "go, come, leave"
Ex: Ahmed is coming here next week. / They are leaving for U.S.A. on Friday.
--- ويجب ملاحظة أنه توجد بعض الأفعال(verbs) التي لا تأتي في الcontinuous أي لانضيف لها ing ومنها : [Meena]
Like , love , believe , hate , see , hear , understand , consist , contain , possess , belong , resemble , recognize , want .
--- ولابد أن نذكر ما قلناه من قبل وهو انه عند اضافة ing لفعل ينتهي ب e نحذف ال e مثل write - writing ، وعند اضافة ing لفعل ينتهي بحرف ساكن قبله vowel ، نضاعف الحرف الساكن ، مثل get - getting .
--- في الpast continuous ، ممكن يكون الفعلين في الcontinuous tense
Ex: While he was reading , the children were playing . (H.K.)

--- وبالنسبة للperfect :
Perfect
Present Past [Meena] Future
I have eaten I had eaten I shall have eaten
You have eaten You had eaten You will have eaten
He has eaten He had eaten He will have eaten
She's eaten (H.K.) She had eaten She will have eaten
It's eaten It had eaten It will have eaten
We've eaten We had eaten We shall have eaten
You've eaten You had eaten You will have eaten
they've eaten They had eaten They will have eaten

H.W. complete the following table like the previous one using verb "walk"
أكمل الجدول القادم مثل السابق مستخدما الفعل "يمشي"
Perfect
Present Past Future
I have walked (H.K.)








ولعمل أسئلة وأجوبة :
Have you prayed yet? / Yes I've already prayed. / No, I haven't prayed yet.
Had she written the report before he came? / Yes, she had written it before he came. / No, she hadn't written it before he came. (H.K.)
Shall we have done the homework by 6:00 o'clock? / Yes, we shall have done it by 6:00 o'clock. / No, we shall not have done it by 6:00 o'clock.
ونكرر هنا أيضا ماقلناه في صفحة 47 وهو أن ال perf. هو التام ، وهو فعل ، بيتم (بينتهي) أو علي وشك الانتهاء الآن ، أو تم (انتهى) أو كان علي وشك الانتهاء في الماضي بالمقارنة بفعل آخر أو وقت معين ، أو سيتم (سينتهي) أو سيكون علي وشك الانتهاء في المستقبل بالمقارنة بفعل آخر أو وقت معين. ويكون تركيبه بverb have ثم الp.p. (مثل have eaten ) [Meena] .

--- بالنسبة لل perfect continuous :
Perfect continuous
Present Past Future
I've been eating I had been eating I shall have been eating
You've been eating You had been eating You will have been eating
He's been eating He had been eating He will have been eating
She's been eating She had been eating She will have been eating
It's been eating It had been eating (H.K.) It will have been eating
We've been eating We had been eating We shall have been eating
You've been eating You had been eating You will have been eating
They've been eating They had been eating They will have been eating

H.W. complete the following table like the previous one using verb "talk"
أكمل الجدول القادم مثل السابق مستخدما الفعل "يتكلم"
Perfect continuous
Present Past Future
I've been talking (H.K.)







ولعمل أسئلة وأجوبة :
Have you been playing here since 5:00 o'clock? / Yes. I have been playing here since 5:00 o'clock. / No, I haven't been playing here since 5:00 , I've been playing just for half an hour. (H.K.)
Had they been praying for 3 hours before we went there? / Yes, they had been praying for 3 hours before we went there / No, they had not been ----.
Will you have been studying here for 5 hours by 10:00 o'clock? / yes, we shall have been studying here for 5 hours by 10:00 o'clock / No, we shall not have been studying ----. [Meena]
ونكرر أيضا ما قلناه عن ال perfect cont. في صفحة 47 وهو أن ال perf. Cont. هو التام المستمر ، وفيه نعرف طول مدة استمرار الفعل وبداية أو نهاية هذه المدة . في ال pr.نعرف ما هي مدة استمراره إلي الان أو متى بدأ ، وفي الpa. و ال fu. نعرف مدة استمراره من أو إلي حدوث فعل آخر أو وقت معين . ويكون تركيبه بverb have + been ثم ing في نهاية الفعل (مثل have been eating ) .
H.W. Answer the questions with Yes and No: [Meena] Is he drinking water now? Yes, _________________ No, __________________ Has she already eaten? Yes, __________________ No,____________________ Have they been praying for an hour now? Yes, ___________________________ (H.K.) No, _______________________________________________________ Were you talking when I called her? Yes, _______________________________ No, ___________________________________________________________ Will they have eaten when I come? Yes, ________________________________ No, ___________________________________________________________ Will you have finished eating when we come? Yes, _______________________ No, ___________________________________________________________ Do you always drink tea in the morning? Yes, ___________________________ No, ___________________________________________________________ Will she have been studying for an hour when we go to her? Yes, __________________________________________________________ No, ___________________________________________________________





Conjugation of verbs تصريف الأفعال

وهو تحويل الفعل ، إلي الماضي (past) وإلي اسم المفعول (past participle) أو تصريفهم مع الpronouns . [Meena]
وهنا نجد الأفعال المنتظمة (القياسية) (regular verbs) وهي التي تأخذ d أو ed أو ied في التصريف الثاني والثالث أ ي في ال past وفي ال past participle مثل : pray prayed prayed ، ويوجد الأفعال الغير منتظمة (الشاذة) (irregular verbs) وليس لهم قواعد في تصريفهم مثل : eat ate eaten .

The following is a table of conjugation of some regular verbs(that take d) :
Regular verbs (that take "d") Regular verbs (that take "d")
Present (infinitive) المعنى Past Past participle Present (infinitive) المعنى Past Past participle
Advise ينصح Advised Advised Hope يرجو Hoped Hoped
Agree يوافق Agreed Agreed Like يحب، يفضل Liked Liked
Arrange يرتب ---d ---d Love يحب Loved Loved
Care يعتني، يهتم Cared Cared Manage يدير ---d ---d
Continue يستمر ---d ---d Prepare يحضر، يعد ---d ---d
Decide يقرر Decided Decided Promise يوعد ---d ---d
Deserve يستحق ---d ---d Refuse يرفض ---d ---d
Hate يكره ---d ---d Struggle يصارع ---d ---d
Hesitate يتردد ---d ---d (H.K.) [Meena]

The following is a table of conjugation of some regular verbs(that take ed) :
Regular verbs (that take "ed") Regular verbs (that take "ed")
Present (infinitive) المعنى Past Past participle Present (infinitive) المعنى Past Past participle
Affect يؤثر Affected Affected Learn [Meena] يتعلم Learned (learnt) Learned (learnt)
Afford يمد ، يقدر Afforded Afforded Need يحتاج Needed Needed
Appear يظهر ---ed ---ed Offend يعثر Offended Offended
Arrest يقبض على Arrested Arrested Offer يقدم، يعرض Offered Offered
Ask يسأل Asked Asked Plan يخطط Planed Planed
Attack يهاجم Attacked Attacked Pretend يتظاهر ---ed ---ed
Avoid يتجنب Avoided Avoided Regret يندم ---ed ---ed
Beg يتوسل Begged Begged Resist يقاوم Resisted Resisted
Blink يرمش Blinked Blinked Seem يبدو Seemed Seemed
Claim يطالب ب Claimed Claimed Shop يتسوق Shopped Shopped
Climb يتسلق Climbed Climbed Slow يبطئ Slowed Slowed
Control [Meena] يتحكم ---ed ---ed Smell يشم Smelled (smelt) Smelled (smelt)
Demand يطلب ---ed ---ed (H.K.) Spell يتهجى Spelled (spelt) Spelled (spelt)
Discuss يناقش ---ed ---ed Start يبدأ Started Started
Drop يسقط Dropped Dropped Step يخطو Stepped Stepped
End ينتهي Ended Ended Stop يقف Stopped Stopped
Expect يتوقع Expected Expected Switch ينقل، يشغل ---ed ---ed
Fail يسقط، يرسب Failed Failed Threaten يهدد ---ed ---ed
Float يطفو Floated Floated Travel يسافر ---ed ---ed
Guess يخمن ---ed ---ed Wait ينتظر Waited Waited
Harvest يحصد ---ed ---ed Want يريد Wanted Wanted
Heat يسخن ---ed ---ed Water يسقي ---ed ---ed
Intend ينوي ---ed ---ed Wish يتمنى Wished Wished



The following is a table of conjugation of some regular verbs (that take ied) :
Regular verbs (that take "ied") Regular verbs (that take "ied")
Present (infinitive) المعنى Past [Meena] Past participle Present (infinitive) المعنى Past (H.K.) Past participle
Bury يدفن Buried Buried Reply يجاوب Replied Replied
Carry يحمل Carried Carried Worry يقلق Worried Worried
Marry يتزوج Married Married [Meena]

The following is a table of conjugation of some irregular verbs :
Irregular verbs Irregular verbs
Present (infinitive) المعنى Past Past participle Present (infinitive) المعنى Past Past participle
Am , is (be) يكون Was Been Leave [Meena] يترك Left Left
Are (be) Were Been Lend يقرض Lent Lent
Bear يحتمل Bore Borne Let يجعل Let Let
Beat يضرب Beat Beat Lie يتمدد Lay Lain
Become يصبح Became Become Lie يكذب Lied Lied
Begin يبدأ Began Begun Lose يخسر، يفقد Lost Lost
Bend يثتي Bent Bent Make يصنع Made Made
Bet يراهن Bet Bet Mean يعني Meant Meant
Bid يأمر Bade Bidden Meet يقابل Met Met
Bid يزيد Bid Bid Pay يدفع Paid Paid
Bind يربط Bound Bound Put يضع Put Put
Bite يعض Bit Bitten Read يقرأ Read Read
Bleed ينزف Bled Bled Rebuild يعيد بناء Rebuilt Rebuilt
Blow ينفخ Blew Blown Ride يركب Rode Ridden
Break يكسر Broke Broken Ring يرن Rang Rung
Breed يربي Bred Bred Rise يرتفع، يقوم Rose Risen
Bring يحضر Brought Brought Run يجري Ran Run
Build يبني Built Built Saw ينشر Sawed Sawn
Burst يفجر Burst Burst Say يقول Said Said
Buy يشتري Bought Bought See يرى Saw Seen
Cast يلقي Cast Cast Seek يبحث Sought Sought
Catch يمسك Caught Caught Sell يبيع Sold Sold
Chide يوبخ Chided Chidden Send يرسل Sent Sent
Choose يختار Chose Chosen Set ينظم، يثبت Set Set
Cling [Meena] يتعلق، يلتصق Clung Clung Sew (H.K.) يخيط Sewed Sewn
Come يأتي Came Come Shake يهز Shook Shaken
Cost يتكلف Cost Cost Shine يلمع Shone Shone
Creep يزحف Crept Crept Show يظهر، يفرج Showed Shown
Cut يقطع Cut Cut Shrink ينكمش Shrank Shrunk
Deal يتعامل Dealt Dealt Shut يغلق Shut Shut
Dig يحفر Dug Dug Sing يغني Sang Sung
Do يعمل Did Done Sink يغطس Sank Sunk
Draw (H.K.) يرسم، يسحب Drew Drawn Sit يجلس Sat Sat [Meena]
Dream يحلم Dreamt Dreamt Slay يذبح Slew Slain
Drink يشرب Drank Drunk Sleep ينام Slept Slept
Drive يسوق Drove Driven Slide يتزحلق Slid Slid
Dwell يسكن Dwelt Dwelt Smell يشم Smelt Smelt
Eat يأكل Ate Eaten Sow يبذر Sowed Sown
Fall يقع Fell Fallen Speak يتكلم Spoke Spoken
Feed يغذي Fed Fed Speed يسرع Sped Sped
Feel يشعر Felt Felt Spell يتهجى Spelt Spelt
Fight يتشاجر Fought Fought Spend يصرف Spent Spent
Find يجد Found Found Spill يدلق Spilt Spilt
Flee يهرب Fled Fled Split يفصل، يشق Split Split
Fly يطير Flew Flown Spread ينشر Spread Spread
Forbear يرفض/ يترفق Forbore Forborne Spring [Meena] يقفزلأعلى Sprang Sprung
Forbid يمنع Forbade Forbidden Stand يقف Stood Stood
Forget ينسى Forgot Forgotten Steal يسرق Stole Stolen
Forgive يسامح Forgave Forgiven Stick يلصق Stuck Stuck
Freeze يجمد Froze Frozen Sting يلذغ Stung Stung
Get يحضر Got Got / gotten Strike يضرب Struck Struck
Give يعطي Gave Given Strive يجاهد Strove Striven
Go يذهب Went Gone Swear يحلف Swore Sworn
Grind يطحن Ground Ground Sweep يكنس Swept Swept
Grow ينمو Grew Grown Swim يسبح Swam Swum
Hang يشنق Hanged Hanged Swing يتأرجح Swung Swung
Hang يعلق Hung Hung Take يأخذ Took Taken
Have يملك ، عنده Had [Meena] Had Teach يعلم Taught Taught (H.K.)
Hear يسمع Heard Heard Tear يمزق Tore Torn
Hide يخبي Hid Hidden Tell يقول Told Told
Hit يخبط Hit Hit Think يفكر Thought Thought
Hold يمسك Held Held Throw يرمي Threw Thrown
Hurt يضر، يجرح Hurt Hurt Wear يلبس Wore Worn
Keep يحفظ، يخلي Kept (H.K.) Kept Weep يبكي Wept Wept
Kneel يركع Knelt Knelt Win يكسب Won Won
Know يعرف Knew Known Write يكتب Wrote Written
Lay يضع Laid Laid
Lead يقود Led Led

--- والآن برجاء ، قبل الانتقال للباب التالي ، اقرأ هذا الباب مرة أخرى حتى لاتنساه أبدا لكي يسهل عليك فهم كثير مما سيأتي.